医院污水消毒处理技术
医院污水消毒的主要目的是杀死污水中的各种致病菌，同时也可以改善水质，达到国家规定的排放标准。
医院污水常用的消毒剂有氯化消毒剂、二氧化氯消毒剂和臭氧消毒剂等。
1 氯的杀菌机理
氯化消毒剂主要有：液氯、漂白粉、漂粉精、次氯酸钠等。
早期认为氯的杀菌机理在于其与水反应释放出[O]，但事实表明这种观点是错误的。
进一步的研究表明，氯与细菌酶的系统反应是不可逆的，细菌由于酶的钝化而被灭活。
一般认为，各种消毒剂的灭活效率是消毒剂通过细胞壁扩散速度的函数。
次氯酸是所测得的余氯中杀菌力Zui有效的成分，其原因是次氯酸比较容易渗入细胞壁。
次氯酸的渗透速度类似于水的渗透速度，这是因为次氯酸分子比较小而且不带电荷。
次氯酸根相对来说杀菌效率比较低，是由于次氯酸根带有负电荷，而细菌本身也带有负电荷，所以次氯酸根离子难以进入生物的细胞壁而扩散。
医院污水的危害
1）医院污水受到粪便、传染性细菌和病毒等病原性微生物污染，具有传染性，可以诱发疾病或造成伤害；
2）医院污水中含有酸、碱、悬浮固体、BOD、COD和动植物油等有毒、有害物质；
3）牙科治疗、洗印和化验等过程产生污水含有重金属、消毒剂、有机溶剂等，部分具有致癌、致畸或致突变性，危害人体健康并对环境有长远影响；
4）同位素治疗和诊断产生放射性污水。放射性同位素在衰变过程中产生a-、β-和γ-放射性，在人体内积累而危害人体健康。
处理方法
根据医院的规模、性质和处理污水排放去向，进行工艺选择。主要采用的工艺有三种：加强处理效果的一级处理、二级处理和简易生化处理。医院污水处理一般采取工程设计、建设及验收的操作与管理办法，其处理设施需经过一定时间的试运行，处理效果才能达到预期目的。化学法治理需经一个月的试运行，二级生化法处理需经三个月以上的试运行。因此，小型综合医院（主要包括城市卫生服务社区、乡镇卫生院）亟需寻求一种资金投入较少、建设周期较短、安全稳妥达标的技术方案（设备）。
1）通常采用物化+生化方法处理，主要工艺有： 絮凝沉淀(物化)+水解酸化(生化)+深度氧化(生化)+消毒---达标排放
絮凝沉淀(物化)+水解酸化(生化)+MBR(生化)+消毒--->达标排放
物化：主要是让微生物无法分解的有害沉淀，将絮凝剂、混凝剂等化学药剂加入污水，将有害物转移至污泥，通过处理污泥达到目的。
生化：是人类发现自然界水体中的微生物对有机物的分解能力，分析总结出：不同环境下的微生物能分解不同有害物，一般采用的是厌氧菌+好氧菌培养，即水解酸化和深度氧化医院污水处理设备厂家
医院废水处理流程工艺选择原则,从而避免消毒剂用量过大对环境产生的不良影响。医院污水经化粪池进入调节池，调节池前部设置自动格栅，调节池内设提升水泵,(四)鼓风机：每半年加一次机油，每运行10000小时保养一次(按说明书要求进行),加大饮用水的卫生监督力度，每季度向社会公开饮用水水源水质、水厂出厂水质和用户水龙头水质等饮水安全状况信息,医院污水处理流程的选择需要根据医院的规模、性质来选定
手术室污水处理设备小型
贵州省贵阳市：南明区、花溪区、白云区、开阳县、修文县、清镇市、云岩区、乌当区、小河区、息烽县六盘水市：钟山区、水城县、盘县、六枝特区、遵义市：红花岗区、遵义县、绥阳县、安顺市：西秀区、普定县铜仁地区：铜仁市、玉屏侗族自治县、思南县、毕节地区：毕节市、黔西县、织金县、威宁彝族回族苗族自治县、赫章县、大方县、金沙县、纳雍县黔西南布依族苗族自治州：安龙县、兴义市、普安县、贞丰县、册亨县、兴仁县、晴隆县、望谟县黔东南南苗族侗族自治州：凯里市、施秉县、镇远县、天柱县、剑河县、黎平县、从江县、麻江县、丹寨县、黄平县、三穗县<spanfont-size:16px;color:#cc33cc;">一、 班后
1、下班前应进行巡检，发现问题及时解决并做好记录；
2、对水、气、电等各种管线阀门进行检查，并应处于良好的工况状态；
3、做好交接班记录，认真交接班，对出现的异常情况应交接清楚。
二、设备事故的处理
1、发现设备有异常情况，应立即停机，及时报告相关人员，并记录值班记录表内。
2、由于电气原因引起停机时，应立即报告相关人员进行处理，不得自行修理电气设备，并记入值班记录表内。
3、发现电动机异常现象，应立即停止运行，及时报告相关人员进行处理，并记入值班记录表内。
4、格栅有异物阻塞时，应及时清除，并且清污时间及清污量记入值班记录表内。
手术室污水处理设备
在A级生物池，由于污水中有机物浓度比较高，微生物处理缺氧状态，此时微生物为兼性微生物，它们将污水中的有机氮转化分解成氨氮，同时利用有机碳源作为电子供体将NO2-N、NO3-N转化为N2，而且还利用部分有机物碳源和氨氮合成新的细胞物质所以A级生物池不仅具有一定的有机物去除功能，减轻后续好氧池的有机负荷，以利于硝化作用的进行；而且依靠原水中存在的较高浓度有机物，完成反硝化作用，Zui终消除氨的富营养化污染,Afterhydrolysis and acidification, the wastewater enters oxygen-poortank, contact oxidation tank and secondary sedimentation tank inorder to circulate, so that the wastewater is in the environment ofanoxic and oxygen-enriched cycle transformation, and the followingtransformation can be achieved.- Denitrification; convertingorganic nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen, transforming ammonianitrogen into nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen through aerobicmicrobial nitrification bacteria, and then transforming nitritenitrogen and nitrate nitrogen into nitrogen through anaerobicmicrobial denitrification bacteria, escaping from sewage-phosphorus removal; high phosphorus content sludge is formed byphosphorus accumulating bacteria releasing phosphorus in anoxicenvironment and absorbing excessive phosphorus in oxygen-richenvironment.- Degrading organic matter thoroughly; On the basis ofhydrolysis acidification, utilizing the characteristics of rapidpropagation of aerobic microorganisms in oxygen-rich environmentand rapid propagation of anaerobic microorganisms in anoxicenvironment, degrading organic matter in turn and transforming itinto sludge(3) Disinfection of sewage to meet dischargestandards(4) Regular removal of sludgeThe characteristics of sewagetreatment methods in small and medium-sized hospitals are asfollows: the volume of the oxygen-poor pool is much smaller thanthat of the contact oxidation pool. When the sewage circulates, theresidence time in the oxygen-poor pool is very short, while theresidence time in the contact oxidation pool is very long, so thatthe sludge produced by biochemical treatment is mainly deposited inthe contact oxidation pool.The characteristics of sewage treatmentmethods in small and medium-sized hospitals are as follows: theoxygen-poor pool is composed of adjusting aeration pool and anoxicpool in series. The two pools are connected structure. By changingthe aeration degree of the adjusting aeration pool, the sewage isfully mixed and the water is uniform.4. The sewagetreatment method for small and medium-sized hospitals as describedin claim 3 is characterized in that the sewage treatment stationalso includes a sludge concentration pond which is connected with acontact oxidation pond, and the sludge concentration pond ise with a refluxpipe.与调节曝气池连通，回流管路上配有回水泵，开启回水泵，将污泥浓缩池的上层污水泵回调节曝气池，使下层的污泥浓缩，也使接触氧化池中的污泥持续进入污泥浓缩池Thecharacteristics of sewage treatment methods in small andmedium-sized hospitals are as follows: chlorine dioxide is injectedinto the drainage pipe of secondary sedimentation tank; chlorinedioxide flow rate is accurately measured by metering pump to reduceresidual chlorine residue; at the same time, water body issufficiently mixed from the contact oxidation tank and aerated byblower to reduce dosage.6. The small and medium-sized hospitalsewage treatment method described in Fig. 4 is characterized bythat the sewage return flow R = 1:1, i.e. the sewage circulationflow: the treated discharge flow = 1:1.At present, the total numberof medical units above county level (including industrial andmining enterprises hospitals, military hospitals, private hospitalsand Sino-foreign joint venture hospitals, etc.) in our country(except Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao SpecialAdministrative Region and Taiwan region) is about 21,000, of which1041 are tertiary first-class hospitals, accounting for about 5% ofthe total number of hospitals, 90% of which are small andmedium-sized hospitals below secondary level, relatively speaking,large hospitals. All of them have more standardized wastewatertreatment systems, and are e with professional maintenanceand management. However, due to the reasons of fund, operation costand personnel , a large number of small and medium-sizedmedical institutions are weak in the construction of medicalwastewater treatment facilities, and their operation is notcompletely normal, which is a difficult and important point incurrent pollution control.The sewage discharged by hospitalsconsists of two parts, one is domestic wastewater, the pollutantsare mainly organic matter, the other is medical wastewater, thepollutants are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and so on. At present,most of the small and medium-sized medical institutions in ourcountry generally adopt the first-level intensified treatment. Thetypical process is as follows.The characteristic of the first-levelintensification process is that it can effectively controlpathogens through disinfection process, but the removal effect ofCOD and BOD is not good and can not meet the re ofenvironmental protection.In recent years, with the progress ofsocial economy and the improvement of people"s awareness ofenvironmental protection, more and more small and medium-sizedmedical institutions have built a number of secondary biochemicaltreatment facilities. The processes adopted include A/O, SBR,oxidation ditch and contact oxidation.As can be seen from Table 1,three biological treatment methods, A/O, SBR and oxidation ditch,all have good treatment effect.However, for small and medium-sizedmedical institutions, due to the lack of funds and managers, theremay be insufficient funds in the actual implementation process, orthere may be inadequate management and excessivedischarge.Relatively speaking, contact oxidation method is moresuitable for sewage treatment in small and medium-sized medicalinstitutions, but contact oxidation method lacks oxygen-deficientstage, so the ability of denitrification is weak. Nitrogen ineffluent is basically converted to nitrate, ammonia nitrogen mayreach the standard, and the essence of total nitrogen has not beenremoved.The purpose is to overcome the shortcomings of theabove-mentioned treatment methods and provide a more suitabletreatment method for sewage treatment in small and medium-sizedhospitals. The treatment process of this method is simple, occupiesless land, has low construction investment and operation cost. Itcan not only meet the sewage treatment standards, but also is easyto operate and manage, and has low re for the ofoperators.,6.各类电器设备均设电路短路，过载保护装置以确保电器设备安全运,After hydrolysis andacidification, the wastewater enters oxygen-poor tank, contactoxidation tank and secondary sedimentation tank in order tocirculate, so that the wastewater is in the environment of anoxicand oxygen-enriched cycle transformation, and the followingtransformation can be achieved.- Denitrification; convertingorganic nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen, transforming ammonianitrogen into nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen through aerobicmicrobial nitrification bacteria, and then transforming nitritenitrogen and nitrate nitrogen into nitrogen through anaerobicmicrobial denitrification bacteria, escaping from sewage-phosphorus removal; high phosphorus content sludge is formed byphosphorus accumulating bacteria releasing phosphorus in anoxicenvironment and absorbing excessive phosphorus in oxygen-richenvironment.- Degrading organic matter thoroughly; On the basis ofhydrolysis acidification, utilizing the characteristics of rapidpropagation of aerobic microorganisms in oxygen-rich environmentand rapid propagation of anaerobic microorganisms in anoxicenvironment, degrading organic matter in turn and transforming itinto sludge(3) Disinfection of sewage to meet dischargestandards(4) Regular removal of sludgeThe characteristics of sewagetreatment methods in small and medium-sized hospitals are asfollows: the volume of the oxygen-poor pool is much smaller thanthat of the contact oxidation pool. When the sewage circulates, theresidence time in the oxygen-poor pool is very short, while theresidence time in the contact oxidation pool is very long, so thatthe sludge produced by biochemical treatment is mainly deposited inthe contact oxidation pool.The characteristics of sewage treatmentmethods in small and medium-sized hospitals are as follows: theoxygen-poor pool is composed of adjusting aeration pool and anoxicpool in series. The two pools are connected structure. By changingthe aeration degree of the adjusting aeration pool, the sewage isfully mixed and the water is uniform.4. The sewagetreatment method for small and medium-sized hospitals as describedin claim 3 is characterized in that the sewage treatment stationalso includes a sludge concentration pond which is connected with acontact oxidation pond, and the sludge concentration pond ise with a refluxpipe.与调节曝气池连通，回流管路上配有回水泵，开启回水泵，将污泥浓缩池的上层污水泵回调节曝气池，使下层的污泥浓缩，也使接触氧化池中的污泥持续进入污泥浓缩池Thecharacteristics of sewage treatment methods in small andmedium-sized hospitals are as follows: chlorine dioxide is injectedinto the drainage pipe of secondary sedimentation tank; chlorinedioxide flow rate is accurately measured by metering pump to reduceresidual chlorine residue; at the same time, water body issufficiently mixed from the contact oxidation tank and aerated byblower to reduce dosage.6. The small and medium-sized hospitalsewage treatment method described in Fig. 4 is characterized bythat the sewage return flow R = 1:1, i.e. the sewage circulationflow: the treated discharge flow = 1:1.At present, the total numberof medical units above county level (including industrial andmining enterprises hospitals, military hospitals, private hospitalsand Sino-foreign joint venture hospitals, etc.) in our country(except Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao SpecialAdministrative Region and Taiwan region) is about 21,000, of which1041 are tertiary first-class hospitals, accounting for about 5% ofthe total number of hospitals, 90% of which are small andmedium-sized hospitals below secondary level, relatively speaking,large hospitals. All of them have more standardized wastewatertreatment systems, and are e with professional maintenanceand management. However, due to the reasons of fund, operation costand personnel , a large number of small and medium-sizedmedical institutions are weak in the construction of medicalwastewater treatment facilities, and their operation is notcompletely normal, which is a difficult and important point incurrent pollution control.The sewage discharged by hospitalsconsists of two parts, one is domestic wastewater, the pollutantsare mainly organic matter, the other is medical wastewater, thepollutants are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and so on. At present,most of the small and medium-sized medical institutions in ourcountry generally adopt the first-level intensified treatment. Thetypical process is as follows.The characteristic of the first-levelintensification process is that it can effectively controlpathogens through disinfection process, but the removal effect ofCOD and BOD is not good and can not meet the re ofenvironmental protection.In recent years, with the progress ofsocial economy and the improvement of people"s awareness ofenvironmental protection, more and more small and medium-sizedmedical institutions have built a number of secondary biochemicaltreatment facilities. The processes adopted include A/O, SBR,oxidation ditch and contact oxidation.As can be seen from Table 1,three biological treatment methods, A/O, SBR and oxidation ditch,all have good treatment effect.However, for small and medium-sizedmedical institutions, due to the lack of funds and managers, theremay be insufficient funds in the actual implementation process, orthere may be inadequate management and excessivedischarge.Relatively speaking, contact oxidation method is moresuitable for sewage treatment in small and medium-sized medicalinstitutions, but contact oxidation method lacks oxygen-deficientstage, so the ability of denitrification is weak. Nitrogen ineffluent is basically converted to nitrate, ammonia nitrogen mayreach the standard, and the essence of total nitrogen has not beenremoved.The purpose is to overcome the shortcomings of theabove-mentioned treatment methods and provide a more suitabletreatment method for sewage treatment in small and medium-sizedhospitals. The treatment process of this method is simple, occupiesless land, has low construction investment and operation cost. Itcan not only meet the sewage treatment standards, but also is easyto operate and manage, and has low re for the ofoperators.,在O级生物池溶解氧控制在3mg／1以上，PH值控制在7.5-8.0。在生物接触氧化池内起主要作用的是填料，填料的好坏决定了微生物能否被附着上以及是否能生长繁殖好，为对污水中的CODcr、BOD5、NH3—N去除率影响很大,医院废水处理流程工艺选择原则